NP · all jurisdictions

What supervising or collaborating with a Nurse Practitioner requires of you, state by state

Sort by any column to find the states with the lightest and heaviest physician obligations.

Independent practice18 jurisdictions

Conditional independence21 jurisdictions

Supervision required13 jurisdictions


Alabama	Supervision required	Required	9 (combined)	On-site presence required	By agreement · Quarterly	Quarterly	Yes	Standard Protocol (within a Written Collaborative Agreement)
Alaska	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Arizona	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Arkansas	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Collaborative Practice Agreement (CPA)
California	Conditional independence	Required	4	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Standardized Procedures
Colorado	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Articulated Plan
Connecticut	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Delaware	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Collaborative Agreement
District of Columbia	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Florida	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	As needed	Yes	Written Protocol
Georgia	Supervision required	Required	8 (combined)	Within 50 miles	10% · Annually	Quarterly	Yes	Nurse Protocol Agreement
Hawaii	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Idaho	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Illinois	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Written Collaborative Agreement
Indiana	Supervision required	Required	No cap	No proximity requirement	5% · As needed	Every 6 months	Yes	Written Collaborative Practice Agreement
Iowa	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Kansas	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Kentucky	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	No	Collaborative Agreement for Prescriptive Authority (CAPA)
Louisiana	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Annually	Yes	Collaborative Practice Agreement (CPA)
Maine	Conditional independence	Not required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Maryland	Conditional independence	Not required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Massachusetts	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Written Collaborative Arrangement
Michigan	Supervision required	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Annually	Yes	—
Minnesota	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	Not specified	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Collaborative Agreement
Mississippi	Supervision required	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Board-Approved Protocol or Standing Order
Missouri	Supervision required	Required	6 (combined)	Available remotely	10% · As needed	As needed	Yes	Collaborative Practice Arrangement (CPA)
Montana	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Nebraska	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Transition-to-Practice Arrangement
Nevada	Conditional independence	Required	3 (combined)	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
New Hampshire	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
New Jersey	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Annually	Yes	Written Joint Protocol
New Mexico	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
New York	Conditional independence	Required	4	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Quarterly	Yes	Written Practice Agreement
North Carolina	Supervision required	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Monthly	Yes	Collaborative Practice Arrangement
North Dakota	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	Not specified	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Ohio	Supervision required	Required	5 (combined)	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Annually	Yes	Standard Care Arrangement (SCA)
Oklahoma	Conditional independence	Required	6 (combined)	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Supervision, Collaboration, and Referral Plan
Oregon	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Pennsylvania	Supervision required	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Collaborative Agreement
Puerto Rico	Supervision required	Required	No cap	Not specified	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Written Collaborative Agreement
Rhode Island	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	Not specified	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
South Carolina	Supervision required	Required	6 (combined)	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Written Practice Agreement
South Dakota	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	Not specified	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Written Collaborative Agreement
Tennessee	Supervision required	Required	No cap	On-site presence required	20% · Monthly	Not codified	Yes	Collaborative Practice Agreement (CPA)
Texas	Supervision required	Required	7 (combined)	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Monthly	Yes	Prescriptive Authority Agreement (PAA)
Utah	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
Vermont	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Formal Collaborative Provider Agreement
Virginia	Conditional independence	Required	6	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Practice Agreement
Washington	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—
West Virginia	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	As needed	Yes	Written Collaborative Agreement
Wisconsin	Conditional independence	Required	No cap	Available remotely	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	Collaborative Arrangement
Wyoming	Independent practice	Not required	No cap	No proximity requirement	Not codified	Not codified	Yes	—

Cells show the first rule on file; a state whose rule branches on a condition shows the branches on its own page. Pathways to independent practice for Nurse Practitioners

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